Contamination status and exposure risk of mycotoxins in Coicis Semen / 中国中药杂志

By investigating the contamination status and predicting the exposure risk of mycotoxin in Coicis Semen, we aim to provide guidance for the safety supervision of Chinese medicinal materials and the formulation(revision) of mycotoxin limit standards. The content of 14 mycotoxins in the 100 Coicis Semen samples collected from five major markets of Chinese medicinal materials in China was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The probability evaluation model based on Monte Carlo simulation method was established after Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA of the sample contamination data. Health risk assessment was performed on the basis of margin of exposure(MOE) and margin of safety(MOS). The results showed that zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), deoxynivalenol(DON), sterigmatocystin(ST), and aflatoxin B_2(AFB_2) in the Coicis Semen samples had the detection rates of 84%, 75%, 36%, 19%, and 18%, and the mean contamination levels of 117.42, 4.78, 61.16, 6.61, and 2.13 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. According to the limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), AFB_1, AFs and ZEN exceeded the standards to certain extents, with the over-standard rates of 12.0%, 9.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The exposure risks of Coicis Semen to AFB_1, AFB2, ST, DON, and ZEN were low, while 86% of the samples were contaminated with two or more toxins, which needs more attention. It is suggested that the research on the combined toxicity of different mycotoxins should be strengthened to accelerate the cumulative exposure assessment of mixed contaminations and the formulation(revision) of toxin limit standards.

Rapid detection of zearalenone in Coicis Semen based on ELISA / 中国中药杂志

Zearalenone(ZEN) is a toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. tricinctum, and other fungi, with estrogenic characteristics. Exposure to or ingestion of ZEN during pregnancy can cause reproductive dysfunction, miscarriage, stillbirth, and malformation, and seriously endanger human life and health. The detection methods for ZEN in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) are liquid chromatography(LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and it is stipulated that ZEN should not exceed 500 μg in 1 000 g of Coicis Semen. Although these detection methods by instruments can achieve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ZEN in Coicis Semen, their high detection cost and long periods hinder the rapid screening of a large number of samples in the field. In this study, the synthesized ZEN hapten was conjugated with bovine serum albumin(BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA) to obtain the complete ZEN antigen. By virtue of antibody preparation techniques, ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was prepared, which showed 177.5%, 137.1%, and 109.7% cross-reactivity with ZEN structural analogs zearalanol, zearalenone, and α-zearalenol, respectively, and no cross-reactivity with other fungal toxins such as aflatoxin. Direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(dcELISA) based on ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was developed for the determination of ZEN in Coicis Semen with an IC_(50) of 1.3 μg·L~(-1) and a detection range of 0.22-21.92 μg·L~(-1). The recoveries were 83.91%-105.3% and the RSD was 4.4%-8.0%. The established dcELISA method was used to determine the ZEN residuals in nine batches of Coicis Semen samples, and the results were validated by LC-MS. The correlation between the two detection methods was found to be 0.993 9, indicating that the established dcELISA could be used for the rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of ZEN residuals in Coicis Semen.

Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia / 中国中药杂志

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

Development of preparation process of icaritin-coix seed oil microemulsion based on quality by design concept / 中国中药杂志

To optimize the formulation and preparation process of icaritin-coix seed oil microemulsion(IC-MEs) based on quality by design(QbD) concept. IC-MEs were prepared by water titration. Firstly, the risk factors that may affect the quality of IC-MEs were evaluated. Then Plackett-Burman design was used to screen out prescription factors and process parameters that had a significant effect on the indicators. Finally, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the prescription ratio of IC-MEs. Through the risk assessment and Plackett-Burman design, three formulation factors [drug loading efficiency, the ratio of mixed-oil(coix seed oil-Glycerol tributyrate) to mixed-surfactant(HS15-RH40) and water addition] were determined as the key factors affecting IC-MEs. The regression model established by Box-Behnken design had a good predictability. The optimal formula was as following: the drug loading efficiency of 0.92%, the ratio of mixed-oil(coix seed oil-glycerol tributyrate) to mixed-surfactant(HS15-RH40) of 4∶6, and the water addition of 5.7 mL. According to this prescription, IC-MEs were prepared, and its encapsulation efficiency after 1 week was 92.45%±1.00%. Therefore, the stability of IC-MEs could be improved by optimizing prescription and process parameters of IC-MEs based on the QbD concept, which can provide certain reference value for the future development of IC-MEs.

Historical evolution of Coicis Semen processing methods / 中国中药杂志

Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.

Study of exogenous uniconazole on alleviating low-temperatuer stress of coix seedlings / 中国中药杂志

The aim of the study is to explore exogenous S3307 on alleviating low-temperature stress of coix seedlings. The coix cultivar, "No 5 Yiliao", was selected as the plant material, through nutrient solution cultivating in greenhouse, the effect of different S3307 concentrations(1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mg·L~(-1)) on coix seedlings traits and physiological indicators were explored under low-temperature stress. The results showed, under low-temperature 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could significantly increase coix seedlings stem diameter and biomass, which stem diameter and above-ground biomass, low-ground biomass separately were enhanced 11.90%, 13.59%, 10.99%. Leaf width and lateral root number separately were enhanced 7.63%, 37.52%. Meanwhile, addition of 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could significantly reduce relative conductivity and MDA, separately being reduced 23.33%, 17.42% compared to CKL. S3307 could also significantly increase soluble sugar and proline content, which leaf soluble sugar and proline content separately were enhanced 17.16%, 11.87%, which root soluble sugar and proline content separately were enhanced 20.00%, 33.42%. Additionally, S3307 could alleviate the cells destroy in ultra-structure level by improving cell membrane structure and chloroplast capsule layer structure. 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could enhance the low temperature tolerance of coix seedlings by regulating the growth and physiological indexes, and thus alleviate the damage caused by low-temperature to the coix seedlings.

Modified Si-Miao-San inhibits inflammation and promotes glucose disposal in adipocytes through regulation of AMP-kinase / 中国天然药物

Modified Si-Miao-San (mSMS) is composed of Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, Rhizoma Coptidis Semen Coicis and Atractylodes Rhizome. The prescription is used for the management of diabetes and insulin resistance in the clinic. This study aims to investigate its regulation of glucose disposal in adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with conditioned medium derived from activated macrophages to induce insulin resistance and observed the effects of Mac-CM on insulin-mediated glucose uptake along the insulin receptor substrate-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, its regulation of AMPK phosphorylation was also investigated. mSMS enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and promoted basal glucose uptake in adipocytes; mSMS inhibited NF-κB activation by reducing P65 phosphorylation and improved insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation, leading to the restoration of insulin-mediated glucose uptake when cells were exposed to inflammatory stimulation. These beneficial effects were diminished in the presence of the AMPK inhibitor compound C. mSMS positively regulated AMPK activity, and this action contributed to improving insulin PI3K signaling by the beneficial regulation of IRS-1 function through inhibition of inflammation in adipocytes.

Effect of coicis semen oil on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral urethral obstruction / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect and mechanism of Coicis Semen oil (Kanglaite injection, KLT) on renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Fifty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 6 in each group, the sham operated group, the model group, and the KLT group. Renal interstitial fibrosis model was established in rats by UUO. After administration of KLT (15 mL x kg(-1) x d(-1)) for 3, 7 and 14 days, the dynamic histological changes of renal interstitial tissues were observed and renal damage including tubular impairment and interstitial fibrosis were quantified on HE and Masson stained tissue sections. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were measured by immunohistochemistry staining sections. The protein expression of p-Smad2 and Smad7 were detected by Western blot respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The degree of tubular damage in KLT group was much lower than that in UUO group (P < 0.05). The expression of alpha-SMA and TGF-beta1 was decreased in both UUO group and KLT group, while it was significantly lower in KLT group at every time point. The protein expression of p-Smad2 was obviously decreased while the protein expressions of Smad7 was obviously increased in KLT group, compared with the UUO group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Coicis Semen oil could attenuate the tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, probable by intervening the TGF-beta/Smads signal transduction pathway of UUO rats.</p>

Dietary therapy of qi-yin-reinforcing porridge for the alleviation of chemotherapy related symptoms of gastrointestinal tumors: a single-case randomized controlled study / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the efficacy of dietary therapy of qi-yin-reinforcing porridge for the alleviation of clinical symptoms during FOLFOX chemotherapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A single-case randomized controlled study was carried out. Fourteen patients with gastrointestinal tumors accepting FOLFOX chemotherapy were enrolled using self-crossover control design. On days 1-7 of chemotherapy, the dietary therapy experimental group and the placebo control group were given dietary therapy of qi-yin-reinforcing porridge and dextrin-prepared porridge which had the same appearance, smell, color and taste as the qi-yin-reinforcing porridge, respectively. Fourteen clinical symptoms, including debility, vomiting and nausea, etc. were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten patients completed the study and were estimable. The qi-yin-reinforcing porridge demonstrated certain efficacy in alleviating clinical symptoms of patients with gastrointestinal tumors during the period of chemotherapy. Better effect of alleviating debility was found in the dietary therapy experimental group than in the placebo control group, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=2.27, P=0.02). No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental group and the control group with respect to the effect of alleviating the other 13 clinical symptoms including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dry stool, loose stool, etc. and body weight (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dietary therapy of qi-yin-reinforcing porridge shows an additional benefit in alleviating debility of patients during chemotherapy and deserves clinical use and popularization.</p>

Comparative study on the brain protection in patients of traumatic cerebral infarction treated with bloodletting at Jing-well points and semen coicis / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To verify the effect of bloodletting therapy at Jing-well points and semen coicis on patients with traumatic cerebral infarction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety patients were randomized into a bloodletting therapy at Jing-well points group (bloodletting group), a semen coicis group and a comprehensive therapy group, 30 cases in each one. The conventional basic medication was applied in all of the three groups. In the bloodletting group, the bloodletting therapy was done at twelve Jing-well points with three-edged needle, 3 drops of blood required at each one, three times a day. In the semen coicis group, the semen coicis preparation was applied via nasal feeding or oral administration, 90 g each day, three times a day. In the comprehensive therapy group, the bloodletting therapy at twelve Jing-well points and semen coicis preparation were used in combination and the methods were same as the above two groups. After 4 weeks of treatment, the efficacy was assessed with nerve function defectscale (NDS). Fugl-Meyer scale of the upper and lower limb function was used to evaluate the motor function of the affected limbs of the patients before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores of Fugl-Meyer scale of the upper and lower limb function were increased apparently after treatment in the patients of every group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The score increase was much more obvious in the bloodletting group and the comprehensive therapy group as compared with the semen coicis group (all P < 0.01). The result in the comprehensive therapy group was superior to the bloodletting group (all P < 0.05). The total effective rates of NDS in the comprehensive therapy group, bloodletting group and semen coicis group were 96.7% (29/30), 83.3% (25/30) and 76.7% (23/30) separately. The result in the comprehensive therapy group was higher apparently than those in the bloodletting group and semen coicis group separately (both P < 0.05). The result in the bloodletting group was better than that in the semen coicis group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The bloodletting therapy at Jing-well points and semen coicis alleviate apparently nerve function defect, improve the motor function of the affected limbs and achieve the better efficacy.</p>

Study on porous maize starch preparation and powdering coix seed oil / 中国中药杂志

To optimize the preparation conditions of porous starch The porous starch was used to powder coix seed oil. Porous starch was made of maize starch by using compound enzymes of glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. The preparation process was optimized through orthogonal test design with oil absorption rate to salad oil as indexes. The effect of different dosages of porous starch on yield of triglyceride by powdering coix seed oil was studied. The triglyceride release behaviors and fluidity of powdered coix seed oil were also studied. The results showed that the optimum conditions for preparation of porous maize starch were as follows, the mass radio of glucoamylase to a-amylase was 3:1, the temperatures was 55 degrees C, pH was 5.0, and hydrolysis time was 12 h. Under these conditions, the oil absorption rate to salad oil was 98.5% for porous maize starch. Porous starch was used to power coix seed oil. When porous starch to coix seed oil was 4:1, the triglyceride yield of powering coix seed oil was up to 97.02%. The fluidity of powdered coix seed oil was favorable and control released. The preparation of powdered liquid oil with porous starch had many advantages such as simple production technology, convenient operation, low cost and was worth generalizing.

Identification of disease resistance to Ustilago coicis in southern Coix germplasm / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identified the resistance of Coix to Ustilago coicis and screen the high disease-resistance Coix germplasm.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Field and laboratory biochemical methods were used for the resistance identification. Ninteen germplasms collected from 7 provinces in southern of China such as Yunnan, Zhejiang, Fujian etc. were inoculated with chlamydospore of U. coicis, respectively. The incidence of a disease in field was investigated and the level of resistance was evaluated. The PAL activity dynamic changes in different level resistant germplasms were further determined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The result of field test showed 1 germplasm was immune, 1 germplasm was high resistance which incidence rate was under 20%, 6 germplasms were moderate resistance with the average incidence rates ranged within 20% - 40%, 11 of 19 germplasms that average incidence rates above 40% were identified as sensitive resistance. The value of PLA activity peak of resistant germplasm in seedling was significant higher and appeared earlier than that of the sensitive ones after inoculating.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Most collected C. lacryma-jobi germplasms are sensitive to smut in our investigation; the PAL activity may play important role in Coix germplasm for resistance to smut and the biochemical method may be as an aiding method to resistance identification of Coix germplasm.</p>

Characteristics of germplasm resources in Coix from xishuangbanna / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the genetic diversity among wild germplasm resources of Coix that distributed at altitude of 550-1550 m in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province by comparing the morphological variation, biological and economical factors.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The field plot experiments were conducted to observation the germination rate, growth period. While the milled rice rate, content of protein, crude fat and ethanol extract of 9 wild Coix germplasm resources were measured.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The germination rate of 9 germplasm was from 22% to 81%, and the growth period was among 139-156 d, which belongs to the medium-late mature type. The germination rate, growth stage, plant height, leaf length and width, tiller number, ramification number, seed number per stem of 9 Coix germplasm were significantly different (P < 0.05), respectively. The range of seed total protein contents were from 15.63% 25.74%, crude fat contents were from 5.05%-7.14%, and the contents of alcohol extract, which showed antitumor activity, were from 5.85%-7.27%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The fact of quite different in plant morphological, biological and quality characters of 9 germplasm suggested that the genetic diversity in the wild populations of Coix distributed throughout the regions of Xishuangbanna is relatively abundant.</p>

Coix lachryma jobi L varma-yuan induces apoptosis of jurkat cell line in acute T lymphoblast leukemia and its mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effect of Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan on acute T lymphoblast leukemia cell line Jurkat cells and its mechanism. Jurkat cells were treated with Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan of various concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 mg/ml) for 24h. The inhibitory ratio was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8. The effects of Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan on apoptosis of Jurkat cells were determined by Hoechst 33258, PI and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by JC-1 staining. The results demonstrated that Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells, and induced chromatin condensation and fragmentation (characteristic of apoptosis) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan can inhibit the cell proliferation and induce the apoptosis of Jurkat cells. These effects relate to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggest that Coix lachrymajobi L varma-yuan may be of value in treating lymphoma.

Mutagenic effects of gamma-rays on Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the mutagenic effect of gamma-rays on Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Physiological and mutagenic effects of gamma-rays on C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen dormant seeds were studied. The germination percentage, seeding survival, seeding height and root length of M1 plants and the frequency of chlorophyll mutation in M2 generation were selected as criteria.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The gamma-rays showed obvious inhibitory action to the seedling growth, and a strong ability in inducing the chlorophyll mutation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The gamma-rays is one kind of C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen effective mutagen. The appropriate dose of gamma-rays is 450 Gy for C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen dormant seeds.</p>

Effect of Kanglaite injection oncyclooxygenase activity in lung carcinoma A549 cell / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Kanglaite injection on cyclooxygenase activity in lung carcinoma A549 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of mRNA of COX-1 and COX-2 were measured by RT-PCR. The expression of COX-2 protein was measured by Western-blot.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Kanglaite injection could selectively decreased COX-2 mRNA expression and protein expression while COX-1 mRNA expression was unchanged.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Kanglaite injection is selectively inhibitory agent of COX-2, and possess inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase 2.</p>

The effect of kanglaite injection(KLT) on the proliferation and telomerase activity of rat mesangial cells / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Kanglaite injection(KLT) on the proliferation and telomerase activity of mesangial cells in rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>MTT, telomere repeat amplification protocal (TRAP), ELISA, PAGE and silver-stain were applied to detect the growth rate and telomerase activity of MC after stimulation of KLT and IL-1.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The growth rate of MC was enhanced by IL-1 stimulation, which was accompanied with a redection of the activity of telomerase. Adversely, the growth rate of MC was reduced by KLT, which was accompanied with an enhancement of activity of telomerase. Moreover, the growth rate of MC and the activity of telomerase were both inhibited by the combinative use of IL-1 and KLT without any influence from the sequence of their administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>KLT could inhibit proliferation and telomerase activity of MC with or without pre-stimulation with IL-1. KLT might be useful to prevent and treat glomerular nephritis related to MC proliferation.</p>

Identification of triacylglycerols in coix oil by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify triacylglycerols in coix oil.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>High performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry was used for identification. The experiment was operated under the conditions: spray voltage at 3 000 V, capillary temperature at 250 degrees C, APCI vaporizer temperature at 400 degrees C, and corona current of 4 microA. Sheath gas pressure (high purity liquid nitrogen) was 35 kPa. Mass spectra were obtained over the m/e range of 300 to 900 amu, scan duration of 1s and Q1 peak width at 0.7. The stationary phase was Zorbax Extend C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase: dichloromethane-acetonitrile (35:65), flow rate: 1 mL x min(-1); column temperature: 25 degrees C.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>12 triacylglycerols were identified by HPLC-MS method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The result can be used to identify the components in a fingerprint chromatogram of coix oil and its related injection product.</p>

A study on the rotation of crops among Panax quinquefolium, Perilla frutescens and Coix lacryma-jobi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide evidence for establishing an efficient method of growing Panax quinquefolium by rotation of crops.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Four-year old P. quinquefolium was cultivated in water and soil cultures. Biological assays were conducted with the aqueous extracts of P. quinquefolius, Fructus Perillae and roots of Coix lacryma-jobi. P. quinquefolium was cultivated in the soil where purple Perilla frutesens and C. lacryma-jobi were grown previously. The effects of rotation were determined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The stems, leaves and fibrous roots of Panax quinquefolium contained allelopathic substances. When the concentration of the allelopathic substances exceeded 1g per kg soil, P. quinquefolius could not grow. On the other hand, when the concentration of allelopathic substances fell below 0.2 g per kg soil, the rate of seedling growth was decreased by 25%. When P. quinquefolius was cultivated in the soil in which purple Perilla frutesens had previously grown, or in the soil supplemented with Fructus Perillae, the rates of seedling growth and the yield were raised by 26.8% and 11.5% tively, in comparison with the controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rotation of Panax quinquefolium and Perilla frutesens was shown to be a good way for the cultivation of the former. During the growing process, application of Fructus Perillae to the soil could further enhance the growth and of Panax quinquefolium.</p>

Nutritional Evaluation, Stability of Cereals and Sanitation Status of Processing Utensils and Environments Based on Hygiene Education / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hygiene education on the microbiological changes of processing utensils and the environmental in the manufacture of cereals and to evaluate the Cd, Pb contents and nutrient compositions of 11 cereals. The result of microbiological evaluation was that fungi, coliforms and staphylococcus species were detected in employees, on equipment, utensils and environments in the first inspection. Fungi were detected in most of the cereals, staphylococcus species were detected in soybeans, perilla seeds and sea tangle flour, and bacillus cereus was detected in sorghum and black sesame seeds. The water content of rice, barley, glutinous rice, brown rice and carrot flour in packaged products, and in carrot flour, angelica keiskei, carrot, sea mustard and potato in bulk products was in excess of 8.0%. The Pb content of cereals was 0.14 - 0.51 mg/kg and Cd was not found. The acid value of Job's tears flour and black sesame seed flour was higher than 5.0 mg/g oil. Cereals were manufactured from 41 different cereals and grains, legumes, seeds and nuts, vegetables, potatoes, seaweeds, fruits, glucose and salt. The average content of cereals and grains, legumes, and seeds and nuts in cereals was 75.75%, 16.19% and 4.93%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per 100 g of cereals was calories 365.8kcal, protein 13.3 g, fats 5.9 g, carbohydrates 63.4 g, Ca 91.8 mg, P 269.9 mg, Fe 3.15 mg, Na 76.2 g, K 421.8 mg, Zn 2.33 mg, Vit. A 12.5 R.E., Vit. B1 0.23 mg, Vit. B2 0.16 mg, Vit. B6 0.46 mg, Niacin 3.5 mg, Vit. C 1.36 mg, folic acid 62.3 microgram and Vit. E 1.24 mg. When nutrients value of 48 g of cereals and 200 ml of milk was compared to 1/3 of the RDA, the values were below than 60% of 1/3 of the RDA except Na, K, Vitamin B1 and C contents. The average carbohydrate : protein : fat ratio of energy intake was 54.27 : 17.45 : 28.28, respectively. Therefore, a training program consisting of the education of the staff in surveillance and standard operating procedures, the elimination of dangerous procedures, sanitation checklist, the implementation of preparation methods and standard recipes for cereals is required.